John Grierson

John Grierson (26 April 1898 â€" 19 February 1972) was a pioneering Scottish documentary maker, often considered the father of British and Canadian documentary film. In 1926, Grierson coined the term "documentary" in a review of Robert Flaherty's Moana.

Early life

Grierson was born in Deanston, near Doune, Scotland. His father was a schoolmaster, his mother a suffragette and ardent Labour Party activist. From an early age, both parents steeped their son in liberal politics, humanistic ideals, and Calvinist moral and religious philosophies, particularly the notion that education was essential to individual freedom and that hard and meaningful work was the way to prove oneself worthy in the sight of God.

Grierson entered the University of Glasgow in 1916, but then saw service on minesweepers in the Royal Navy during World War I. He returned to University in 1919, graduating in 1922 with a MA in English and Moral Philosophy. He spent a good part of his academic career enmeshed in impassioned political discussion and leftist political activism.

In 1923, he received a Rockefeller Research Fellowship to study in the United States at the University of Chicago, and later at Columbia and the University of Wisconsinâ€"Madison. His research focus was the psychology of propagandaâ€"the impact of the press, film, and other mass media on forming public opinion. Grierson was particularly interested in the popular appeal and influence of the "yellow" (tabloid) press, and the influence and role of these journals on the education of new American citizens from abroad.

Social critic

In his review of Robert Flaherty's film Moana (1926) in the New York Sun (8 February 1926), Grierson wrote that it had 'documentary' value. In his essay "First Principles of Documentary" (1932), Grierson argued that the principles of documentary were that cinema's potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form; that the "original" actor and "original" scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world; and that materials "thus taken from the raw" can be more real than the acted article. In this regard, Grierson's views align with the Soviet filmmaker Dziga Vertov's contempt for dramatic fiction as "bourgeois excess", though with considerably more subtlety. Grierson's definition of documentary as "creative treatment of actuality" has gained some acceptance, though it presents philosophical questions about documentaries containing stagings and reenactments.

Like a number of other social critics of the time, Grierson was profoundly concerned about what he perceived to be clear threats to democracy. In the US, he encountered a marked tendency toward political reaction, anti-democratic sentiments, and political apathy. He read and agreed with the journalist and political philosopher Walter Lippmann's book Public Opinion which blamed the erosion of democracy in part on the fact that the political and social complexities of contemporary society made it difficult if not impossible for the public to comprehend and respond to issues vital to the maintenance of democratic society.

In Grierson's view, a way to counter these problems was to involve citizens in their government with the kind of engaging excitement generated by the popular press, which simplified and dramatized public affairs. It was during this time that Grierson developed a conviction that motion pictures could play a central role in promoting this process. (It has been suggested that some of Grierson's notions regarding the social and political uses of film were influenced by reading Lenin's writing about film as education and propaganda.)

Grierson's emerging view of film was as a form of social and political communicationâ€"a mechanism for social reform, education, and perhaps spiritual uplift. His view of Hollywood movie-making was considerably less sanguine:

"In an age when the faiths, the loyalties, and the purposes have been more than usually undermined, mental fatigue--or is it spiritual fatigue?--represents a large factor in everyday experience. Our cinema magnate does no more than exploit the occasion. He also, more or less frankly, is a dope pedlar."

Film critic

Grierson's emerging and outspoken film philosophies caught the attention of New York film critics at the time. He was asked to write criticism for the New York Sun. At the Sun, Grierson wrote articles on film aesthetics and audience reception, and developed broad contacts in the film world. According to popular myth, in the course of this writing stint, Grierson coined the term "documentary" in writing about Robert J. Flaherty's film Moana (1926): "Of course Moana, being a visual account of events in the daily life of a Polynesian youth and his family, has documentary value."

During this time, Grierson was also involved in scrutinizing the film industries of other countries. He may have been involved in arranging to bring Sergei Eisenstein's groundbreaking film The Battleship Potemkin (1925) to US audiences for the first time. Eisenstein's editing techniques and film theories, particularly the use of montage, would have a significant influence on Grierson's own work.

Filmmaker

Grierson returned to Great Britain in 1927 armed with the sense that film could be enlisted to deal with the problems of the Great Depression, and to build national morale and national consensus. Filmmaking for Grierson was an exalted calling; the Filmmaker a patriot. In all of this there was more than a little elitism, a stance reflected in Grierson's many dicta of the time: "The elect have their duty." "I look on cinema as a pulpit, and use it as a propagandist."

In the US Grierson had met pioneering documentary filmmaker Robert Flaherty. Grierson respected Flaherty immensely for his contributions to documentary form and his attempts to use the camera to bring alive the lives of everyday people and everyday events. Less commendable in Grierson's view was Flaherty's focus on exotic and faraway cultures. ("In the profounder kind of way", wrote Grierson of Flaherty, "we live and prosper each of us by denouncing the other"). In Grierson's view, the focus of film should be on the everyday drama of ordinary people. As Grierson wrote in his diaries: "Beware the ends of the earth and the exotic: the drama is on your doorstep wherever the slums; are, wherever there is malnutrition, wherever there is exploitation and cruelty." "'You keep your savages in the far place Bob; we are going after the savages of Birmingham,' I think I said to him pretty early on. And we did.")

On his return to England, Grierson was employed on a temporary basis as an Assistant Films Officer of the Empire Marketing Board (EMB), a governmental agency which had been established in 1926 to promote British world trade and British unity throughout the empire. One of the major functions of the EMB was publicity, which the Board accomplished through exhibits, posters, and publications and films. It was within the context of this State funded organization that the "documentary" as we know it today really got its start.

In late 1929 Grierson and his cameraman, Basil Emmott, completed his first film, Drifters, which he wrote, produced and directed. The film, which follows the heroic work of North Sea herring fishermen, was a radical departure from anything being made by the British film industry or Hollywood. A large part of its innovation lie in the fierce boldness in bringing the camera to rugged locations such as a small boat in the middle of a gale, while leaving relatively less of the action staged. The choice of topic was chosen less from Grierson's curiosity than the fact that he discovered that the Financial Secretary had made the herring industry his hobbyhorse. It premiered in a private film club in London in November 1929 on a double-bill with Eisenstein's then controversial film The Battleship Potemkin (which was banned from general release in Britain until 1954), and received high praise from both its sponsors and the press.

After this success, Grierson moved away from film direction into a greater focus on production and administration within the EMB. He became a tireless organizer and recruiter for the EMB, enlisting a stable of energetic young filmmakers into the film unit between 1930 and 1933. Those enlisted included filmmakers Basil Wright, Edgar Anstey, Stuart Legg, Paul Rotha, Arthur Elton, Humphrey Jennings, Harry Watt, and Alberto Cavalcanti. This group formed the core of what was to become known as the British Documentary Film Movement. Robert Flaherty himself also worked briefly for the unit.

In 1933 the EMB Film Unit was disbanded, a casualty of Depression era economics. Grierson's boss at the EMB moved to the General Post Office (GPO) as its first public relations officer, with the stipulation that he could bring the EMB film unit with him. Grierson's crew were charged with demonstrating the ways in which the Post Office facilitated modern communication and brought the nation together, a task aimed as much at GPO workers as the general public. During Grierson's administration, the GPO Film Unit produced a series of groundbreaking films, including Night Mail (dir. Basil Wright and Harry Watt, 1936) and Coal Face (dir. Alberto Cavalcanti, 1935). In 1934 he produced at the GPO Film Unit the award winning The Song of Ceylon (dir. Basil Wright) which was sponsored jointly by the Ceylon Tea Propaganda Bureau and the EMB.

Grierson eventually grew restless with having to work within the bureaucratic and budgetary confines of government sponsorship. In response, he sought out private industry sponsorship for film production. He was finally successful in getting the British gas industry to underwrite an annual film program. Perhaps the most significant works produced during this time were Housing Problems (dir. Arthur Elton, Edgar Anstey, John Taylor, and Grierson's sister Ruby Grierson, 1935).

In 1938, Grierson was invited by the Canadian government to study the country's film production. He proposed that the government create a national coordinating body for the production of films. In 1939, Canada created the National Film Commission, which would later become the National Film Board of Canada. Grierson was the first Commissioner of the Board. When Canada entered World War II in 1939, the NFB focused on the production of propaganda films, many of which Grierson directed. For example, captured footage of German war activity was incorporated in documentaries that were distributed to the then-neutral United States. After the war, the NFB focused on producing documentaries that reflected the lives of Canadians. The NFB has become recognized around the world for producing quality films, some of which have won Academy Awards.

During WW II, Grierson was a consultant to prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King as a minister of the Wartime Information Board. He concentrated on documentary film production in New York after resigning this post following the war. In 1945 Grierson was dismissed from his post as Commissioner of the NFB after allegations of communist sympathy regarding several of the films the Board had produced during the war. Following his dismissal, and that of three of his coworkers, Grierson returned to Scotland.

From 1946 to 1948 he was the director of mass communications at UNESCO, and from 1948 to 1950 he was controller of films at Britain's Central Office of Information. During the 1950s he worked at Southall Studios in West London.

From 1957 to 1967 Grierson hosted a successful weekly television program on Scottish television, This Wonderful World, which showed excerpts from outstanding documentaries. In 1957 he received a special Canadian Film Award.

Filmography

Filmography as director:

• Drifters (1929; first screened at the British premiere of Battleship Potemkin)
• Granton Trawler (1934)

Filmography as producer/creative contributor:

• O'er Hll and Dale (dir. Basil Wright 1932)
• UP-STREAM: A Story of the Scottish Salmon Fisheries (dir. Arthur Elton 1932)
• Cargo from Jamaica (dir. Basil Wright 1933)
• Industrial Britain (dir. Robert Flaherty 1933)
• Cable Ship (dir. Alexander Shaw and Stuart Legg 1933)
• Coming of the Dial (dir. Stuart Legg 1933)
• Liner Cruising South (dir. Basil Wright 1933)
• Man of Aran (dir. Robert Flaherty 1934)
• New Operator (dir. Stuart Legg 1934)
• Pett and Pott: A Fairy Story of the Suburbs (dir. Alberto Cavalcanti 1934)
• Post Haste (dir. Humphrey Jennings 1934)
• Spring Comes to England dir. Donald Taylor 1934)
• Six-thirty Collection (dir. Harry Watt and Edgar Anstey 1934)
• Song of Ceylon (dir. Basil Wright 1934)
• BBC: The Voice of Britain (dir. Stuart Legg 1935)
• A Colour Box (dir. Len Lye 1935)
• Housing Problems (dir. Edgar Anstey, Arthur Elton 1935)
• Introducing the Dial (dir. Stuart Legg 1935)
• Coal Face (dir. Alberto Cavalcanti 1935)
• B.B.C. Droitwich (dir. Harry Watt 1935)
• Night Mail ( dir. (Basil Wright, and Harry Watt 1936)
• Saving of Bill Blewitt (dir. Basil Wright 1936)
• Line To The Tschierva Hut (dir. Alberto Cavalcanti 1937)
• Children At School (dir. Basil Wright 1937)
• We Live In Two Worlds (dir. Alberto Cavalcanti 1937)
• Daily Round (dir. Richard Massingham, Karl Urbahn 1937)
• Trade Tattoo (dir. Len Lye 1937)
• The Face of Scotland (dir. Basil Wright 1938)
• The Children's Story (dir. Alexander Shaw 1938)
• Scotland for Fitness (dir. Brian Salt 1938)
• They Made the Land (dir. Mary Field 1938)
• Sport in Scotland (dir. Stanley L. Russell 1938)
• Wealth of a Nation (dir. Donald Alexander 1938)
• Sea Food (1938)
• The Londoners (dir. John Taylor (director) 1939)
• Four Men in Prison (dir. Max Anderson 1950)
• Judgment Deferred (dir. John Baxter 1951)
• Brandy for the Parson (dir. John Eldridge 1952)
• The Brave Don't Cry (dir. Philip Leacock 1952)
• Miss Robin Hood (dir. John Guillermin 1952)
• Time Gentlemen, Please! (dir. Lewis Gilbert 1952)
• You're Only Young Twice (dir. Terry Bishop 1952)
• Man of Africa (dir. Cyril Frankel 1953)
• Background (dir. Daniel Birt 1953)
• Laxdale Hall (dir. John Eldridge 1953)
• The Oracle (dir. C.M. Pennington-Richards 1953)
• Child's Play (dir. Margaret Thomson 1954)
• Devil on Horseback (dir. Cyril Frankel 1954)
• Rivers at Work (dir. Lew Davidson 1958)
• This Wonderful World (dir. various 1957-67)
• Seawards the Great Ships (dir. Hilary Harris 1960)
• The Heart of Scotland (dir. Laurence Henson 1961)
• The Creative Process (dir. Donald McWilliams 1961)
• Health of a City (dir. Derek Williams 1965)
• I Remember, I Remember (dir. James Sutherland 1968)

Works about Grierson

Books

• Gary Evans, John Grierson and the National Film Board: The Politics of Wartime Propaganda (University of Toronto Press, 1984)
• Joyce Nelson, The Colonized Eye: Rethinking the Grierson Legend (Between the Lines, 1988)

Documentary films

• In a short film John Grierson at the NFT (1959) he recalls the British documentary film movement and is included in the Land of Promise Region 2 DVD set (BFI 2008).
• Hitchcock On Grierson (1965), in which Alfred Hitchcock talks about his work and how it inspired him.
• He was also the subject of a 1973 NFB documentary Grierson, produced and directed by Roger Blais.

Awards named for John Grierson

Grierson Documentary Film Awards

The Grierson Documentary Film Awards were established in 1972 to commemorate John Grierson and are currently supervised by The Grierson Trust. The aim of the awards is to recognise outstanding films that demonstrate integrity, originality and technical excellence, together with social or cultural significance.[1]

Grierson Awards are presented annually in nine categories:

• Best Documentary on a Contemporary Issue
• Best Documentary on the Arts
• Best Historical Documentary
• Best Documentary on Science or the Natural World
• The Frontier Post Award for Most Entertaining Documentary
• Best Drama Documentary
• Best International Cinema Documentary
• Best Newcomer
• Trustees' Award

Other

The Canadian Film Awards had presented a Grierson Award for "an outstanding contribution to Canadian cinema in the spirit of John Grierson."

See also

• Documentary News Letter, a publication founded by Grierson
• Edgar Anstey
• Arthur Elton
• Robert Flaherty
• Humphrey Jennings
• Stuart Legg
• Paul Rotha
• Basil Wright

References

Sources

• Canada's Awards Database
• Credits from: British Film Institute Catalog (Film Index International)

External links

• Grierson Bibliography at UC Berkeley
• The Grierson Trust
• John Grierson at the Internet Movie Database
• The John Grierson Archive at The University of Stirling
• Bfi Screenonline entry.
• John Grierson in South Africa: Afrikaaner nationalism and the National Film Board
• Biography and biographical documentary, National Film Board of Canada
• Online essay about Grierson and Flaherty from the University of Glasgow (no link)
• Literature on John Grierson
• National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE (selection of archive films relating to John Grierson)