John Barth

John Simmons Barth (/bÉ'rθ/; born May 27, 1930) is an American novelist and short-story writer, known for the postmodernist and metafictional quality of his work.

Life

John Barth, called "Jack", was born in Cambridge, Maryland. Barth has an older brother, Bill, and a twin sister, Jill. He briefly studied "Elementary Theory and Advanced Orchestration" at Juilliard before attending Johns Hopkins University, from which he received a B.A. in 1951 and an M.A. in 1952 (for which he wrote a thesis novel, The Shirt of Nessus).

Barth was a professor at The Pennsylvania State University from 1953 to 1965, where he met his second and current wife, Shelly Rosenberg. During the "American high Sixties," he moved to teach at University at Buffalo, The State University of New York from 1965 to 1973. In that period he came to know "the remarkable short fiction" of the Argentine Jorge Luis Borges, which inspired his collection Lost in the Funhouse.

He then taught at Boston University (visiting professor, 1972â€"73) and Johns Hopkins University (1973â€"95) before retiring in 1995.

Literary work

Barth began his career with The Floating Opera and The End of the Road, two short "realist" novels that deal wittily with controversial topics, suicide and abortion respectively. They are straightforward realistic tales; as Barth later remarked, they "didn't know they were novels."

The Sot-Weed Factor (1960) was initially intended as the completing novel of a trilogy comprising his first two "realist" novels, but, as a consequence of Barth's maturation as a writer, it developed into a different project. The novel is significant as it marked Barth's discovery of Postmodernism.

Barth's next novel, Giles Goat-Boy (about 800 pages), is a speculative fiction based on the conceit of the university as universe. A boy raised as a goat discovers his humanity and becomes a savior in a story presented as a computer tape given to Barth, who denies that it is his work. In the course of the novel Giles carries out all the tasks prescribed by Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Barth kept a list of the tasks taped to his wall while he was writing the book.

The short story collection Lost in the Funhouse (1968) and the novella collection Chimera (1972) are even more metafictional than their two predecessors, foregrounding the writing process and presenting achievements such as a seven-deep nested quotation. Chimera shared the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.

In the novel LETTERS (1979), Barth interacts with characters from his first six books.

His 1994 Once upon a Time: A Floating Opera, reuses stock characters, stock situations and formulas.

Styles, approaches and artistic criteria

Barth's work is characterized by a historical awareness of literary tradition and by the practice of rewriting typical of postmodernism. He said: "I don't know what my view of history is, but insofar as it involves some allowance for repetition and recurrence, reorchestration, and reprise [...] I would always want it to be more in the form of a thing circling out and out and becoming more inclusive each time." In Barth's postmodern sensibility, parody is a central device.

Around 1972, in an interview, Barth declared that "The process [of making a novel] is the content, more or less."

Barth's fiction continues to maintain a precarious balance between postmodern self-consciousness and wordplay and the sympathetic characterization and "page-turning" plotting commonly associated with more traditional genres and subgenres of classic and contemporary storytelling.

Essays

While writing these books, Barth was also pondering and discussing the theoretical problems of fiction writing.

In 1967 he wrote a highly influential and to some controversial essay considered a manifesto of postmodernism, The Literature of Exhaustion (first printed in The Atlantic, 1967). It depicts literary realism as a "used-up" tradition; Barth's description of his own work, which many thought illustrated a core trait of postmodernism, is "novels which imitate the form of a novel, by an author who imitates the role of author".

The essay was widely considered a statement of "the death of the novel," (compare with Roland Barthes's "The Death of the Author"). Barth has since insisted that he was merely making clear that a particular stage in history was passing, and pointing to possible directions from there. He later (1980) wrote a follow-up essay, "The Literature of Replenishment", to clarify the point.

Awards

• 1956 â€" National Book Award finalist for The Floating Opera.
• 1966 â€" National Institute of Arts and Letters grant in literature.
• 1965 â€" The Brandeis University creative arts award in fiction.
• 1965-66 â€" The Rockefeller Foundation grant in fiction.
• 1968 â€" Nominated for the National Book Award for Lost in the Funhouse.
• 1973 â€" Shared the National Book Award for Chimera with John Edward Williams and Augustus.
• 1974 â€" Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
• 1974 â€" Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
• 1997 â€" F. Scott Fitzgerald Award for Outstanding Achievement in American Fiction.
• 1998 â€" Lannan Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award.
• 1998 â€" PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story.
• 1999 â€" Enoch Pratt Society's Lifetime Achievement in Letters Award.
• 2008 â€" Roozi Rozegari, Iranian literature prize for best foreign work translation The Floating Opera.

Selected works

Fiction

• The Floating Opera (1956)
• The End of the Road (1958)
• The Sot-Weed Factor (1960)
• Giles Goat-Boy, or, The Revised New Syllabus (1966)
• Lost in the Funhouse: Fiction for Print, Tape, Live Voice (stories) (1968)
• Chimera (three linked novellas) (1972)
• LETTERS (1979)
• Sabbatical: A Romance (1982)
• The Tidewater Tales (1987)
• The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor (1991)
• Once upon a Time: A Floating Opera (memoirish novel) (1994)
• On with the Story (stories) (1996)
• Coming Soon!!!: A Narrative (2001)
• The Book of Ten Nights and a Night: Eleven Stories (2004)
• Where Three Roads Meet (three linked novellas) (2005)
• The Development: Nine Stories (2008)
• Every Third Thought: A Novel in Five Seasons (2011)

Nonfiction

• The Friday Book (1984)
• Further Fridays (1995)
• Final Fridays (2012)

Notes and references

Further reading

• Rovit, Earl, "The Novel as Parody: John Barth." Critique 6 (Fall 1963).
• Weixlmann, Joseph (1976). John Barth: a descriptive primary and annotated secondary bibliography, including a descriptive catalog of manuscript holdings in United States libraries. Garland Publishing. 
• Clavier, Berndt (2007). John Barth And Postmodernism: Spatiality, Travel, Montage. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6385-8. 
• Gerdes, Eckhard (2001). John Barth, Bearded Bards and Splitting Hairs: The Journal of Experimental Fiction Seventeen. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-0189-4. 
• Fogel, Stanley; Slethaug, Gordon (1990). Understanding John Barth. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-660-6. 
• Harris, Charles B. (1983). Passionate Virtuosity: The Fiction of John Barth. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01037-8. 
• Vine, Richard Allan (1977). John Barth: an annotated bibliography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-1003-7. 
• Walkiewicz, E. P. (1986). John Barth. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7461-0. 

External links

• George Plimpton (Spring 1985). "John Barth, The Art of Fiction No. 86". Paris Review. 
• John Barth Information Center
• Scriptorium - John Barth
• Reading John Barth: an essay by Charles Harris (from CONTEXT Quarterly at CenterforBookCulture.org)
• North American Postmodern Fiction: John Barth
• Barth audio goodies at the Lannan site
• Barth on KCRW's radio program 'Bookworm' with Michael Silverblatt
• click!, a short story by John Barth centered on hypertextuality
• National Book Awards Acceptance Speech