Renga (連æŒ, collaborative poetry) is a genre of Japanese collaborative poetry. A renga consists of at least two ku (å¥) or stanzas. The opening stanza of the renga, called the hokku (発å¥), became the basis for the modern haiku form of poetry.
Two of the most famous masters of renga were the Buddhist priest SÅgi (1421â€"1502) and Matsuo BashÅ (1644â€"1694).
History
Renga was one of the most important literary arts in pre-modern Japan. The earliest surviving renga</i> is in the Man'yÅshÅ«, where ÅŒtomo no Yakamochi and a Buddhist nun (å°¼, ama) made and exchanged poems with sound unit counts ("on") of 5-7-5 and 7-7. This two-verse style is called tan-renga (çŸé€£æŒ, "short renga"). Other styles are called chÅ-renga (長連æŒ, "long renga"). A comparable, though less evolved, tradition of 'linked verse' (lián jù é€£å¥ - the same characters as 'renku') - evolved in Chin-dynasty China, and this Chinese form may have influenced Japanese renga during its formative period. However there are major differences between the two, the Chinese having a unity of subject and a general lightheartedness of tone, neither of which characteristic is present in Japanese renga; furthermore, the history of Japanese poetry shows renga as an apparently natural evolution.
Around the time the Shin Kokin WakashÅ« was compiled, the renga form of poetry was finally established as a distinct style. This original renga style, hyakuin renga (百韻連æŒ, "100-stanza renga") consisted of one-hundred links, used only the standard poetic diction (æŒè¨€è'‰, utakotoba) that had been established in the KokinshÅ«, used sound unit counts of 5-7-5 and 7-7, and finished with two lines of 7 sound units each. At this time, poets considered the use of utakotoba as the essence of creating a perfect waka, and use of any other words was considered to be unbecoming of true poetry.
Many rules or shikimoku (å¼ç›®) were formalized in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods specifying a minimum number of intervening stanzas before a topic or class of topics could recur. Renga was a popular form of poetry even in the confusion of Azuchi-Momoyama period. Yet by the end of this era, the shikimoku had become so complicated and systematic that they stifled the active imagination that had been a part of the renga's appeal. During the medieval and Edo periods, renga was a part of the cultural knowledge required for high society.
In the Edo period, as more and more ordinary citizens became familiar with renga, shikimoku were greatly simplified. The 36-verse Kasen became the most popular form of renga, and commonly spoken words as well as slang and Chinese words were allowed. With this relaxation of the rules, renga were able to express broader humor and wit. This style of renga came to be called haikai no renga ("comical linked verse") or simply haikai, and Matsuo BashÅ is known as the greatest haikai poet.
The most favored form of renga in the Edo period was the kasen (æŒä»™), a chain consisting of 36 verses. As a rule, kasen must refer to flowers (usually cherry blossoms) twice, and three times to the moon. These references are termed hana no za (花ã®åº§, "the seat of flowers") and tsuki no za (月ã®åº§, "the seat of the moon").
The first stanza of the renga chain, the hokku, is the forebear of the modern haiku. The stand-alone hokku was renamed haiku in the Meiji period by the great Japanese poet and critic Masaoka Shiki. Shiki proposed haiku as an abbreviation of the phrase "haikai no ku" meaning a verse of haikai.
For almost 700 years, renga was a popular form of poetry, but its popularity was greatly diminished in the Meiji period. Masaoka Shiki, although himself a participant in several renga, claimed that "(Renga is) not literature" (「文å¦ã«éžãšã€, Bungaku ni arazu)"連æŒãƒ»é€£å¥ (Renga, Renku)". Japan Dictionary (日本辞典, Nihon-Jiten). Retrieved 23 December 2012. . The renga's appeal of working as a group to make a complete work was not compatible with the European style of poetry gaining popularity in Japan, where a single poet writes the entire poem.
Renga outside Japan
An early attempt at renga in English appeared in 1968 in Haiku Magazine, and the same magazine published an issue in 1976 devoted to renga and haibun.
Formats of renga
Here follows a list of the most common formats in which renga have been written, both ushin (orthodox) renga, and mushin (renku)
Renga terminology
- hokku (発å¥): The first stanza of renga with a 5-7-5 sound unit count. This stanza should be created by a special guest when present, and is considered a part of the greeting in a renga gathering. It must include a kigo (å£èªž, "seasonal word"), as well as a kireji (切å—, "cutting word" - a break in the text, usually, but not always, at the end of a line). The kigo usually references the season the renga was created in. Hokku, removed from the context of renga, eventually became the haiku poetry form.
- waki (脇): The second stanza of a renga with a 7-7 sound unit count. The person who helped to organize the gathering is honored with creating it.
- daisan (第三): The third stanza of a renga with a 5-7-5 mora count. It must end with the -te form of a verb to allow the next poet greater freedom in creating the stanza.
- hiraku (å¹³å¥): Refers to all verses other than the hokku, waki, daisan, and ageku.
- ageku (挙å¥): The last stanza of a renga. Care should be taken to wrap up the renga.
- kuage (å¥ä¸Šã'): A note made after the ageku to indicate how many ku each poet read.
- kÅgyÅ (興行): To hold a renga gathering. May also be called chÅgyÅ (張行).
- wakiokori (脇起り): To start with the hokku of a famous poet such as BashŠand make a new waki verse to follow on from there.
- tsukeai (付åˆ): May also be called tsukekata (付ã'æ–¹) or tsukeaji (付ã'å'³). Refers to the mixing and matching of unlikely word combinations to spur imagination or evoke an image. One of the interesting features of renga.
- maeku (å‰å¥): The verse in which tsukeai happens.
- uchikoshi (æ‰"越): The verse before the maeku.
- shikimoku (å¼ç›®): A set of rules to lay out the stylistic requirements for change throughout the poem and to prevent a renga from falling apart.
- renku (連å¥): Modern renga in BashÅ's style.
- kukazu (å¥æ•°): Literally, "the number of verses". When the theme of a section is a popular topic such as "Love", "Spring", or "Fall", the renga must continue on that theme for at least two verses but not more than five verses. This theme may then be dropped with one verse on any other topic.
- sarikirai (去嫌): A rule to prevent loops repeating the same image or a similar verse.
- rinne (輪廻): The name for a loop where the same theme, image, or word is repeated. Term taken from Buddhism.
- kannonbiraki (観音開ã): A type of loop where the uchikoshi and tsukeku have an identical image or theme.
- haramiku (å•ã¿å¥): A stanza prepared beforehand. Should be avoided as stanzas should be created on the spot.
- asaru (求食る): To make two stanzas in a row. Happens frequently when the dashigachi rule is used. Should be avoided to let others join.
- dashigachi (出å‹ã¡): A rule to use the stanza of the first poet to create one.
- hizaokuri (è†é€ã‚Š): A rule whereby each poet takes a turn to make a stanza.
- renju (連衆): The members of a renga or haikai gathering. The members of a renga gathering are also called kaishū (会衆).
- ichiza (一座): Literally, "one seating". Describes the group when the renju are seated and the renga has begun.
- sÅshÅ (å®—åŒ ): May also be called sabaki (æŒã). The coordinator of an ichiza, he or she is responsible for the completion of a renga. Has the authority to dismiss an improper verse. The most experienced of the renju should be the sÅshÅ to keep the renga interesting.
- kyaku (客): The main guest of the ichiza and responsible for creating the hokku.
- teishu (äºä¸»): The patron of a renga gathering, who provides the place.
- shuhitsu (執ç†): The "secretary" of the renga, as it were, who is responsible for writing down renga verses and for the proceedings of the renga.
- bunnin (文音): Using letters (i.e. the post), telegraph, telephone, or even fax machines for making a renga. Using the internet is also considered a form of bunnin.
See also
- Hokku, the opening verse of renga and renku, as well as a standalone 17-mora poem, which developed into the independent haiku
- Renku, the popular derivative of renga, which reached its artistic peak in the 17th century
- Renshi, modern development of renga and renku
- Renri HishÅ, an influential text on renga poetics
- Collaborative poetry
Notes
Further reading
- Miner, Earl (1979). Japanese Linked Poetry: An Account with Translations of Renga and Haikai Sequences. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691063729. OCLC 4493857. A discussion of the features, history and aesthetics of renga, plus two renga sequences with SÅgi and others, three haikai sequences with Matsuo BashÅ and others, and one haikai sequence with Yosa Buson and a friend.