List of Shakespeare authorship candidates

Claims that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon wrote the works traditionally attributed to him were first explicitly made in the 19th century, though supporters of the theory often argue that coded assertions of alternative authorship exist in texts dating back to Shakespeare's lifetime. Typically, they say that the historical Shakespeare was merely a front to shield the identity of the real author or authors, who, for reasons such as social rank, state security, or gender, could not safely take public credit. Although these claims have attracted much public interest, all but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider them to be fringe theories with no hard evidence, and for the most part disregard them except to rebut or disparage the claims.

The basis for these theories can be traced to the 18th century, when, more than 150 years after his death, Shakespeare's status was elevated to that of the greatest writer of all time. Shakespeareâ€™s pre-eminence seemed incongruous with his humble origins and obscure life, arousing suspicion that he was not the author of the works attributed to him. At the same time, the influence of biblical higher criticism led some authors to take the view that Shakespeare's works could be the product of the collaborative efforts of many authors. Public debate and a prolific body of literature date from the mid-19th century, and numerous historical figures, including Francis Bacon, the Earl of Oxford, Christopher Marlowe and the Earl of Derby, have since been nominated as the true author.

Promoters of various authorship theories assert that their particular candidate is more plausible in terms of education, life experience, and/or social status to be the true author of the Shakespeare canon. Most candidates are either members of the upper social classes or are known poets and playwrights of the day. Proponents argue that the documented life of William Shakespeare lacks the education, aristocratic sensibility, or familiarity with the royal court which they say is apparent in the works.

Mainstream Shakespeare scholars maintain that biographical interpretations of literature are unreliable for attributing authorship, and that the convergence of documentary evidence for Shakespeareâ€™s authorshipâ€"title pages, testimony by other contemporary poets and historians and official recordsâ€"is the same as that for any other author of the time. No such supporting evidence exists for any other candidate, and Shakespeareâ€™s authorship was not questioned during his lifetime or for centuries after his death.

Despite the scholastic consensus, a relatively small but highly visible and diverse assortment of supporters, including some prominent public figures, are confident that someone other than William Shakespeare wrote the works. They campaign to gain public acceptance of the authorship question as a legitimate field of academic inquiry and to promote one or another of the various authorship candidates through publications, organizations, online discussion groups and conferences.

See also Shakespeare authorship question; History of the Shakespeare authorship question.

List

This list of 86 candidates is in alphabetical order of surname, so that aristocrats appear under their family name, rather than their title (e.g. "De Vere, Edward" rather than "Oxford, Earl of").

ABC

Alexander, William (1568â€"1640), 1st Earl of Stirling, Well traveled nobleman, sonnet writer & playwright. Proposed in 1930 by Peter Alvor.
Andrewes, Lancelot (1555â€"1626), Bishop of Winchester, scholar and theological writer, proposed in 1940 by Dr. W.M. Cunningham, as a member of a group of Freemasons.
Bacon, Anthony (1558â€"1601), statesman, spy. First proposed as a contributor by Mrs. Henry Pott in 1892 and as author of the sonnets by W.H. Denning, in 1925.
Bacon, Francis (1561â€"1626), lawyer, scholar, essayist. Proposed as sole author by William Henry Smith in 1856 and as a co-author by Delia Bacon in 1857. See Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship
Barnard, John (1604â€"74), husband of Shakespeare's granddaughter, proposed by Finch Barnard in 1914.
Barnes, Barnabe (1571â€"1609), poet, playwright. proposed as a member of a group theory by Alden Brooks in 1943.
Barnfield, Richard (1574â€"1620), poet, proposed in 1901 in Notes and Queries.
Blount, Charles (1563â€"1606), 8th Baron Mountjoy and 1st Earl of Devonshire, soldier and Knight of the Garter, proposed by Peter Alvor in 1930.
Bodley, Rev. Miles (ca. 1553â€" ca. 1611), Bible scholar; proposed in 1940 (mistakenly as "Sir Miles Bodley") by W. M. Cunningham.
Bodley, Sir Thomas (1545â€"1613), diplomat, scholar, proposed in 1940 by Dr. W.M. Cunningham, as a member of a group of Freemasons
Burbage, Richard (1567â€"1619), actor, proposed as a co-author of Hamlet in a group theory by Wilhelm Marschall in 1926.
Burton, Robert (1577â€"1640), scholar, proposed by M. L. Hore in 1885.
Butts, William (d. 1583), patron of literature; proposed by Walter Conrad Arensberg in 1929.
Campion, Edmund (1540â€"1581), poet; proposed by Joanne Ambrose in 2005.
Cecil, Robert (1563â€"1612), 1st Earl of Salisbury, statesman, proposed by J. H. Maxwell in 1916.
Chettle, Henry (1560â€"1607), playwright, polemicist, proposed as a member of a group theory by John H. Stotsenberg in 1904.
Daniel, Samuel (1562â€"1619), poet, historian, first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892.
de Cervantes, Miguel (1547-1616), Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright; proposed by Carlos Fuentes in 1976.

DEF

de Vere, Edward (1550â€"1604), 17th Earl of Oxford, courtier, poet, playwright. Proposed by J. Thomas Looney in 1920. See Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship
Defoe, Daniel (1660-1731), novelist, proposed by George Magruder Battey.
Dekker, Thomas (1572â€"1632), playwright, proposed as a member of a group theory by John H. Stotsenberg in 1904.
Devereux, Robert (Essex) (1566â€"1601), 2nd Earl of Essex. proposed as dual author in 1902, and as sole author in 1905 by Lantham Davis.
Devereux, Walter (1541?â€"1576), 1st Earl of Essex. Proposed as dual author with his son Robert, in 1902 by Eugen Reichel.
Digges, Leonard (c.1515â€"c.1559), scientist, proposed by Peter Usher in 2010.
Donne, John (1572â€"1631), poet, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, proposed as part-author of the Sonnets by H.T.S. Forrest in 1923.
Drake, Sir Francis (1540â€"1596), naval commander, adventurer, proposed in 1940 by Dr. W.M. Cunningham, as a member of a group of Freemasons
Drayton, Michael (1563â€"1631), playwright, proposed as a member of a group theory by John H. Stotsenberg in 1904.
Dyer, Sir Edward (1543â€"1607), courtier, poet; proposed by Alden Brooks in 1943.
Ferrers, Henry (1549â€"1633), Warwickshire antiquary, first proposed as a member of a group by J.P. Yeatman in 1896.
Fletcher, John (1579â€"1625), playwright, proposed as a member of a group theory by John H. Stotsenberg in 1904.
Florio, John (1554â€"1625), linguist, proposed by Erik Reger in 1927.
Florio, Michelangelo (1515â€"1572), Protestant evangelist and scholar; proposed by Santi Paladino in 1925.

GHI

Greene, Robert (1558â€"1592), playwright, polemicist, first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892.
Greville, Fulke (1554â€"1628) 1st Baron Brooke; proposed by A. W. L. Saunders in 2007.
Griffin, Bartholomew (d. 1602), poet, first proposed as a member of a group by J.P. Yeatman in 1896.
Hastings, William. Supposed son of Queen Elizabeth; proposed by Robert Nield in 2007.
Hathaway, Anne (1555/6-1623), Shakespeare's wife, proposed by J. P. de Fonseka, 1938.
Herbert, William (1580â€"1630), 3rd Earl of Pembroke, scholar, patron, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, founder Pembroke College. first proposed as a member of a group by J.P. Yeatman in 1896.
Heywood, Thomas (1574â€"1641), playwright, proposed as a member of a group theory by John H. Stotsenberg in 1904.
The Jesuits, proposed by Harold Johnson in Did the Jesuits Write 'Shakespeare'? (1916).

JKL

Jonson, Ben (1572â€"1637), playwright, poet, first proposed as a member of a group theory by John H. Stotsenberg in 1904.
Kyd, Thomas (1558â€"1594), playwright, proposed as a member of a group by Alden Brooks in 1937.
Lanier, Emilia (1569â€"1645), poet; proposed by John Hudson in 2007.
Lewkenor, Lewes (1560-1627) Soldier, writer; proposed by William 'Bill' Corbett in 2012.
Lodge, Thomas (1557â€"1625), playwright, first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892.
Lyly, John (1554â€"1606), playwright, prose stylist, theatre troupe manager, proposed as a member of a group by Alden Brooks in 1937.

MNO

Manners, Elizabeth Sidney (d. 1615), Countess of Rutland, proposed as a member of a group by C.G. Muskat in 1925.
Manners, Roger (1576â€"1612), 5th Earl of Rutland.
Marlowe, Christopher (1564â€"1593), playwright; first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892. First proposed as sole author by Wilbur G. Zeigler. - see Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorship
Mathew, Sir Tobie (1577â€"1655), courtier, Catholic priest, proposed in 1940 by Dr. W.M. Cunningham, as a member of a group of Freemasons
Middleton, Thomas (1580â€"1627), playwright.
More, Sir Thomas (1478â€"1535), Lord Chancellor of England and Saint of the Catholic Church, proposed in 1940 by Dr. W.M. Cunningham, as a member of a group of Freemasons
Munday, Anthony (1560â€"1633), dramatist first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892.
Nashe, Thomas (1567â€"1601), poet, polemicist.
Neville, Henry (1564-1615) politician and courtier; proposed by Brenda James and William Rubenstein in 2005.
North, Thomas (1535-1604), translator of Plutarch, proposed by Dennis McCarthy in 2011.
Nugent, William (1550â€"1625), Irish rebel; first proposed by Elizabeth Hickey in 1978.
O'Toole, Patrick, Irishman, citizen of Ennis, first proposed by George Newcomen in 1897.

PQR

Paget, Henry (d. 1568), 2nd Baron Paget.
Peele, George (1556â€"1596), playwright, first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892.
Pierce, William (1561â€"1674), claimed writer; proposed by Peter Zenner in 1999.
Porter, Henry (fl. c. 1596â€"99), playwright.
Raleigh, Sir Walter (1554â€"1618), courtier, poet. Proposed as a co-author by Delia Bacon in 1857 and as sole author by George S. Caldwell 20 years later.
The Rosicrucians

STUV

Sackville, Thomas (1536â€"1608), Lord Buckhurst, 1st Earl of Dorset.
Seymour, William, "bastardized" son of Earl of Hertford and Lady Catherine Grey, and supposedly raised by Mary Shakespeare. Proposed by Ira Sedgwick Proper in 1953.
Shirley, Sir Anthony (1565?â€"1635), soldier, sailor, adventurer.
Sidney Herbert, Mary (1561â€"1621), Countess of Pembroke, nominated by Gilbert Slater in 1931.
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554â€"1586), poet, soldier, courtier.
Smith, Wentworth (1571 â€" c.1623), playwright.
Spenser, Edmund (1552â€"1599), poet; proposed in 1940 by W. M. Cunningham.
Stanley, William, 6th Earl of Derby (1561â€"1642), first proposed by James Greenstreet in 1891. See Derbyite theory of Shakespeare authorship
Stuart, James, King of England (1566â€"1625), proposed by Malcolm X in 1965.
Stuart, Mary (1542â€"1587), Queen of Scots.
Talbot, Gilbert (1552-1616), 7th Earl of Shrewsbury.
Tudor, Edward, King of England (1537â€"1553), proposed by W.B. Venton in 1968.
Tudor, Elizabeth (1533â€"1603), Queen of England; proposed anonymously in 1857, re-proposed by W. R. Titterton in 1913 (not too seriously) and by G. E. Sweet in 1956.

WXYZ

Warner, William (c. 1558â€"1609), poet.
Watson, Thomas (1555â€"1592), poet.
Webster, John (1580?â€"1625?), playwright.
Wilson, Robert (1572â€"1600), playwright.
Wolsey, Thomas (1473?â€"1530) Cardinal of England, proposed by the anonymous J.G.B. in 1887.
Wotton, Sir Henry (1568â€"1639), scholar, diplomat; proposed in 1940 by Dr. W.M. Cunningham, as a member of a group of Freemasons
Wriothesley, Henry (1573â€"1624), 3rd Earl of Southampton, first proposed as a member of a group by J.P. Yeatman in 1896.
Zubayr bin William, Shaykh ("Sheik Zubayr"), supposed Arab scholar, first proposed frivolously by Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq and later in earnest by Safa Khulusi and, in 1989, Muammar Gaddafi.

List of Shakespeare authorship candidates

Wednesday, April 29, 2015