A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other.
Thus its own associations and resonances to cause a particular effect on the reader. A basic distinction is between rhyme schemes that apply to a single stanza, and those that continue their pattern throughout an entire poem (see chain rhyme). There are also more elaborate related forms, like the sestina - which requires repetition of exact words in a complex pattern.
In English, highly repetitive rhyme schemes are unusual. English has more vowel sounds than Italian, for example, meaning that such a scheme would be far more restrictive for an English writer than an Italian one - there are fewer suitable words to match a given pattern. Even such schemes as the terza rima ("aba bcb cdc ded..."), used by Dante Alighieri in The Divine Comedy, have been considered too difficult for English.
Example rhyme schemes
- Alternate rhyme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH...
- Ballade: Three stanzas of "ABABBCBC" followed by "BCBC".
- Chant royal: Five stanzas of "ababccddedE" followed by either "ddedE" or "ccddedE". (The capital letters indicate a line repeated verbatim.)
- Cinquain: "A,B,A,B,B"
- Clerihew: "A,A,B,B"
- Couplet: "A,A", but usually occurs as "A,A, B,B C,C D,D ..."
- McCarron Couplet: "AABBABCCDDCDEEFFEF" a contemporary take on a classic rhyming pattern, introduced by the academic James McCarron.
- Enclosed rhyme (or enclosing rhyme): "ABBA"
- "Fire and Ice" stanza: "ABAABCBCB" as used in Robert Frost's poem "Fire and Ice"
- Keatsian Ode: "ABABCDECDE" used in Keat's Ode on Indolence, Ode on a Grecian Urn, and Ode to a Nightingale.
- Limerick: "AABBA"
- Monorhyme: "A,A,A,A,A...", an identical rhyme on every line, common in Latin and Arabic
- Ottava rima: "A,B,A,B,A,B,C,C"
- The Raven stanza: "ABCBBB", or "AA,B,CC,CB,B,B" when accounting for internal rhyme, as used by Edgar Allan Poe in "The Raven"
- Rhyme royal: "ABABBCC"
- Rondelet: "AbAabbA"
- Rubaiyat: "AABA"
- Scottish stanza: "AAABAB", as used by Robert Burns in works such as "To a Mouse"
- Simple 4-line: "ABCB"
- Sonnet ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
- Petrarchan sonnet: "ABBA ABBA CDE CDE" or "ABBA ABBA CDC DCD"
- Shakespearean sonnet: "ABAB CDCD EFEF GG"
- Spenserian sonnet: "ABAB BCBC CDCD EE"
- Onegin stanzas: "aBaBccDDeFFeGG" with the lowercase letters representing feminine rhymes and the uppercase representing masculine rhymes, written in iambic tetrameter
- Sestina: ABCDEF FAEBDC CFDABE ECBFAD DEACFB BDFECA, the seventh stanza is a tercet where line 1 has A in it but ends with D, line 2 has B in it but ends with E, line 3 has C in it but ends with F
- Spenserian stanza: "ABABBCBCCDCDEE"
- Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening form: "AABA BBCB CCDC DDDD" a modified Ruba'i stanza used by Robert Frost for the eponymous poem.
- Tanaga: traditional Tagalog tanaga is "AAAA"
- Terza rima: "ABA BCB CDC ...", ending on "YZY Z", "YZY ZZ", or "YZY ZYZ".
- Triplet: "AAA", often repeating like the couplet.
- The Road Not Taken stanza: "ABAAB" as used in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken, and in Glæde over Danmark by Poul Martin Møller (English translation here).
- Villanelle: A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2 abA1A2, where A1 and A2 are lines repeated exactly which rhyme with the a lines.
Rhyme schemes in hip-hop music
Hip-hop music and rapping’s rhyme schemes include traditional schemes such as couplets, as well as forms specific to the genre, which are broken down extensively in the books How to Rap and Book of Rhymes. Rhyme schemes used in hip-hop music include â€"
- Couplets
- Single-liners
- Multi-liners
- Combinations of schemes
- Whole verse
Couplets are the most common type of rhyme scheme in old school rap and are still regularly used, though complex rhyme schemes have progressively become more frequent. Rather than relying on end rhymes, rap’s rhyme schemes can have rhymes placed anywhere in the bars of music to create a structure. There can also be numerous rhythmic elements which all work together in the same scheme - this is called internal rhyme in traditional poetry, though as rap's rhymes schemes can be anywhere in the bar, they could all be internal, so the term is not always used. Rap verses can also employ 'extra rhymes', which do not structure the verse like the main rhyme schemes, but which add to the overall sound of the verse.
The number of rhyme schemes
The number of different possible rhyme schemes for an n-line poem is given by the Bell numbers, which for n = 1, 2, 3, ... are
- 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, … (sequence A000110 in OEIS).
For instance, there are five different rhyme schemes for a three-line poem, ABC, AAB, ABA, ABB, and AAA. Historically, the first exhaustive listing of rhyme schemes appears to be in the Tale of Genji, an 11th-century Japanese novel whose chapters are headed by diagrams representing the 52 rhyme schemes of a five-line poem. The number of rhyme schemes in which all lines rhyme with at least one other line is given by the numbers
- 0, 1, 1, 4, 11, 41, 162, 715, 3425, 17722, ... (sequence A000296 in OEIS).
For instance the four such rhyme schemes for a four-line poem are AABB, ABAB, ABBA, and AAAA. Both sequences of numbers may be found on either side of an augmented version of the Bell triangle.
References
External links
- Lingua::Rhyme::FindScheme â€" Perl module to find the rhyme scheme of a given text.
- Rhyme schemes by set partition