"Suum cuique" (Classical Latin pronunciation: [ˈsu.um ˈkuj.kʷe]), or "Unicuique suum", is a Latin phrase often translated as "to each his own" or "may all get their due". It has been significant in the history of philosophy and as a motto.
History
Antiquity
The Latin phrase relates to an old Greek principle of justice which translates literally into English as "to each his own". In Plato's Republic, Socrates offers the provisional definition that "justice is when everyone minds his own business, and refrains from meddling in others' affairs" (Greek: "...τὸ Ï„á½° αá½'τοῦ Ï€Ïάττειν καὶ μὴ πολυπÏαγμονεῖν δικαιοσÏνη á¼ÏƒÏ„ί...", 4.433a). Everyone should do according to his abilities and capabilities, to serve the country and the society as a whole. Also, everyone should receive "his own" (e.g., rights) and not be deprived of "his own" (e.g., property) (433e). Aristotle took up this conception of distributive justice as an alternative to justice as fairness in his Nicomachean Ethics.
The Roman author, orator and politician Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC â€" 43 BC) popularised the Latin phrase:
- "Iustitia suum cuique distribuit." ("Justice renders to everyone his due.") - De Natura Deorum, III, 38.
- [...] ut fortitudo in laboribus periculisque cernatur, [...], iustitia in suo cuique tribuendo." (" [...] so that fortitude (courage) may be seen in hardship and danger, [...], justice in attributing to each his own".) - De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, liber V, 67.
The phrase appears near the beginning of Justinian's Institutiones: iuris praecepta sunt haec: honeste vivere, alterum non laedere, suum cuique tribuere. (Inst. 1,1,3-4). (Translated into English: "the precepts of law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, [and] to give to each his own".)
Motto
Suum cuique serves as the motto of the Order of the Black Eagle (German: Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler; founded in 1701), the highest order of chivalry of the Kingdom of Prussia.
The motto continues in use in Germany - in the insignia of the military police (the Feldjäger) and in association with the Berlin-based Masonic Lodge, Black Eagle Lodge (German: Johannisloge Zum schwarzen Adler).
The Faculty of Advocates in Scotland uses the motto Suum cuique.
The phrase also serves as the motto of the Faculties of Law at Lund University and Uppsala University in Sweden.
In popular culture
Valentin Pikul's 1985 novel on the career of the French General Jean Victor Moreau (1763-1813), Kazhdomu svoyo, uses as its title a Russian-language version of suum cuique.
See also
- Desert (philosophy)
- From each according to his ability, to each according to his need
- Jedem das Seine ("To each his own") - A German translation of the phrase. It became notorious for its use as a Nazi slogan displayed at the gate of Buchenwald concentration camp.
- Just world hypothesis
- To each according to his contribution
External links
- The dictionary definition of suum cuique at Wiktionary
- Media related to Suum cuique at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Cicero at Wikiquote
References
