Stanisław Lem

StanisÅ‚aw Lem (Polish pronunciation: [staˈɲiswaf ˈlÉ›m]; 12 September 1921 â€" 27 March 2006) was a Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy and satire. His books have been translated into 41 languages and have sold over 45 million copies. From the 1950s to 2000s he published many books, both science fiction and philosophical/futurological. He is best known as the author of the 1961 novel Solaris, which has been made into a feature film three times. In 1976 Theodore Sturgeon wrote that Lem was the most widely read science-fiction writer in the world.

His works explore philosophical themes through speculation on technology, the nature of intelligence, the impossibility of mutual communication and understanding, despair about human limitations and humanity's place in the universe. They are sometimes presented as fiction, but others are in the form of essays or philosophical books.

Translations of his works are difficult due to passages with elaborate word formation, alien or robotic poetry, and puns.

Life

Early life

Lem was born in 1921 in Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine). He was the son of Sabina Woller (1892â€"1979) and Samuel Lem (1879â€"1954), a wealthy laryngologist and former physician in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Though raised a Roman Catholic, he later became an atheist "for moral reasons ... the world appears to me to be put together in such a painful way that I prefer to believe that it was not created ... intentionally". Lem called himself an "agnostic" later in life. After the Soviet invasion and occupation of Eastern Poland, he was not allowed to study at the Polytechnic as he wished because of his "bourgeois origin" and only due to his father's connections was accepted to study medicine at Lwów University in 1940. During the subsequent Nazi occupation (1941â€"1944), Lem's family, which had Jewish roots, avoided imprisonment in a ghetto, surviving with false papers. During that time Lem earned a living as a car mechanic and welder.

In 1945, Polish eastern Kresy was annexed into Soviet Ukraine and the family, like many other Poles, was resettled to Kraków where Lem, at his father's insistence, took up medical studies at the Jagiellonian University. He hadn't taken his final examinations on purpose so as not to be obliged to become a military doctor. Earlier he had started working as an assistant in a hospital and writing stories in his spare time.

Rise to fame

Lem made his literary debut in 1946 with a number of works of different genres, including poetry as well as a science fiction novel The Man from Mars (Człowiek z Marsa) serialized in Nowy Świat Przygód (New World of Adventures). Between 1948 and 1950 Lem was working as a scientific research assistant at the Jagiellonian University, and published a number of short stories, poems, reviews and similar works, particularly at Tygodnik Powszechny. In 1951 he published his first book, The Astronauts (Astronauci). In 1954 he published a short story anthology, Sesame and other stories (Sezam i inne opowiadania). That year he also married Barbara Leśniak. Following, year, 1955, saw the publication of another sci-fi novel, The Magellanic Cloud (Obłok Magellana).

During the era of Stalinism, which in Poland begun in the late 40s, all published works had to be directly approved by the communist regime. Thus Astronauci was not, in fact, the first novel Lem finished, just the first that made it past the censors. Going by the date of finished manuscript, Lem's first book would be a partly autobiographical novella Hospital of the Transfiguration (Szpital Przemienienia), finished in 1948. It would be published seven years later, in 1955, as a trilogy under a title Czas nieutracony (Time Not Lost). The experience of trying to push Czas.. through the censors were one of the major reasons Lem decided to focus on the less censored genre of science fiction. Nonetheless, most of Lem's works published in the 1950s also contain, forced upon him by the censors and editors, various references to socialist realism as well as "glorious future of communism". Lem later criticized several of his early pieces as compromised by the ideological pressure.

Lem became truly productive after 1956, when the de-Stalinization period in the Soviet Union led to the "Polish October", when Poland experienced an increase in freedom of speech. Between 1956 and 1968, Lem authored 17 books. His writing over the next three decades or so was split between science fiction (primarily, prose) and essays about science and culture.

In 1957 he published his first non-fiction, philosophical book, Dialogues (Dialogi), as well as a science-fiction anthology The Star Diaries (Dzienniki gwiazdowe), collecting short stories about one of his most popular character, Ijon Tichy. 1959 saw the publication of three books: Eden, Śledztwo and the short story anthology, Inwazja z Aldebarana. 1961 saw two more books, the first seen as among his top works: Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie, Solaris as well as Powrót z gwiazd. This was followed by a collections of his essays and non-fiction prose, Wejście na orbitę (1962), and a short story anthology Noc księżycowa (1963). In 1964 Lem published a large work on the border of philosophy and sociology of science and futurology, Summa Technologiae, as well as a novel The Invincible (Niezwyciężony).

1965 saw the publication of The Cyberiad (Cyberiada). That year also saw the publication of a short story anthology, The Hunt (Polowanie). 1966 is the year of "Wysoki Zamek", and 1968, "Głos Pana" and "Opowieści o pilocie Pirxie". "Wysoki Zamek" was another of Lem's autobiographical works, and touched upon a theme that usually was not favored by the censors - Lem's youth in the pre-war, then-Polish Lviv. 1967 and 1970 saw two more non-fiction treaties, "Filozofia przypadku" and "Fantastyka i futurologia". Ijon Tichy returns in 1971 The Futurological Congress Kongres futurologiczny, the year of a genre-mixing experient, "Doskonała próżnia" (a collection of reviews of non-existing books). 1973 sees a similar work, "Wielkość urojona". In 1976 Lem publishes two novels: "Maska" and "Katar". In 1980 he published another set of reviews of non-existing works, "Prowokacja". Next year sees the another Tichy's novel, "Wizja lokalna". Later this decade he publishes "Pokój na Ziemi" (1984) and "Fiasko" (1986); Lem's final science-fiction novel.

In the late 70s and early 80s Lem cautiously supported Polish dissidents movement, and started publishing essays in Paris-based Kultura. In 1982, with martial law in Poland declared, Lem moved to West Berlin, where he became a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin). After that, he settled in Vienna. He returned to Poland in 1988.

Final years

From the late 1980s onwards he tended to concentrate on philosophical texts and essays, published in a number of Polish magazines (Tygodnik Powszechny, Odra, PrzeglÄ…d and others). They were later collected in a number of anthologies.

In the early 1990s Lem met with a literary scholar and critic Peter Swirski for a series of extensive interviews, published together with other critical materials and translations as A Stanislaw Lem Reader (1997). In the book Lem speaks about a range of issues rarely touched on before in any interview. Moreover, the book includes Swirski's translation of Lem's retrospective essay "Thirty Years Later", devoted to Lem's legendary nonfictional treatise Summa Technologiae. During later interviews in 2005, Lem expressed his disappointment with the genre of science fiction and his general pessimism regarding technical progress. He viewed the human body as unsuitable for space travel, held that information technology drowns people in a glut of low-quality information, and considered truly intelligent robots as both undesirable and impossible to construct. Since then Peter Swirski published a series of in-depth studies of Lem as a writer, philosopher, and futurologist. Notable among them are the recent From Literature to Biterature: Lem, Turing, Darwin (2013), Stanislaw Lem: Selected Letters to Michael Kandel (2014), Lemography (2014), and Stanislaw Lem: Philosopher of the Future (2015).

In 1996, he received the prestigious Polish award, the Order of the White Eagle.

Lem died in Kraków on 27 March 2006 at the age of 84 due to heart disease.

Lem's cousin was Polish poet Marian Hemar (Lem's father and Hemar's mother were brother and sister).

Controversies

SFWA

Lem was awarded an honorary membership in the Science Fiction Writers of America (SFWA) in 1973. SFWA Honorary membership is given to people who do not meet the publishing criteria for joining the regular membership but who would be welcomed as members had their work appeared in the qualifying English language publications. Lem, however, never had a high opinion of American science fiction, describing it as ill thought-out, poorly written, and interested more in making money than in ideas or new literary forms. After his eventual American publication, when he became eligible for regular membership, his honorary membership was rescinded, an action that some of the SFWA members apparently intended as a rebuke, and it seems that Lem interpreted it as such. Lem was invited to stay on with the organization with a regular membership, but declined. After many members (including Ursula K. Le Guin) protested Lem's treatment by the SFWA, a member offered to pay his dues. Lem never accepted the offer.

Philip K. Dick

Lem singled out only one American SF writer for praise, Philip K. Dickâ€"see the 1986 English-language anthology of his critical essays, Microworlds. Dick thought that StanisÅ‚aw Lem was probably a false name used by a composite committee operating on orders of the Communist party to gain control over public opinion, and wrote a letter to the FBI to that effect. Stanislaw Lem was also responsible for Polish translation of Dick's work, and when Dick felt monetarily short-changed by the publisher, he held Lem personally responsible (see Microworlds).

Significance

Lem is the most internationally famous Polish writer. He has become one of the most highly acclaimed science-fiction writers, hailed by critics as equal to such classic authors as H. G. Wells and Olaf Stapledon. In 1976, Theodore Sturgeon wrote that Lem was the most widely read science-fiction writer in the world.

In Poland, in the 60s and 70s, Lem remained under the radar of mainstream critics, who dismissed him as a "mass market", low-brow, youth-oriented writer, and, in this way, such a dismissal might have given him a form of invisibility from censorship.

The total volume of his published works is over 28 million volumes. His works were widely translated abroad, appearing in over 40 languages, though the bulk of them were in the Eastern Bloc countries (Poland, Germany and Soviet Union). Franz Rottensteiner, Lem's former agent abroad, had this to say about Lem's reception on international markets:

His best-known novels include Solaris (1961), His Master's Voice (GÅ‚os pana, 1968), and the late Fiasco (Fiasko, 1987). Solaris was made into a film in 1968 by Russian director Boris Nirenburg, a film in 1972 by Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, which won a Special Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1972, and an American readaptation in 2002 by American director Steven Soderbergh, and starring George Clooney.

Solaris is not the only work of Lem's to be made into a movie. Over ten movie, film and television adaptations of his work exist, such as adaptations of The Astronauts (First Spaceship on Venus, 1960) and The Magellan Nebula (Ikarie XB-I (1963)). Lem himself was however critical of most of the screen adaptations, with the sole exception of Przekładaniec in 1968 by Andrzej Wajda. More recently, in 2013, the Israeli Polish co-production The Congress was released, inspired by Lem's novel The Futurological Congress.

Lem's works have been used in education, for example as teaching texts for philosophy students.

Lem's works have influenced not only the realm of literature, but that of science as well. For example, Return from the Stars includes the "opton", which is often cited as the first published appearance of the idea of electronic paper.

Other influences exerted by Lem's works include Will Wright's popular city planning game SimCity which was partly inspired by Lem's short story The Seventh Sally.

Writings

Science fiction

Stanisław Lem works were influenced by such masters of Polish literature as Cyprian Norwid and Stanisław Witkiewicz. His prose show a mastery of numerous genres and themes.

One of Lem's major recurring themes, beginning from his very first novel, The Man from Mars, was the impossibility of communication between profoundly alien beings and humans, which may have no common ground with human intelligence. The best known example is the living planetary ocean in Lem's novel Solaris. Other examples include swarms of mechanical insects (in The Invincible) or strangely ordered societies of more human-like beings in Fiasco and Eden, describing the failure of the first contact. In His Master's Voice Lem describes the failure of humanity's intelligence in deciphering and truly comprehending an apparent message from space.

Two overlapping arcs of short stories, Fables for Robots (Bajki Robotów), translated in the collection Mortal Engines), The Cyberiad (Cyberiada) provide a commentary on humanity in the form of a series of grotesque, humorous, fairy tale-like short stories from a mechanical universe inhabited by robots (who had occasional contacts with biological "slimies" and human "palefaces").

"Śledztwo" and "Katar" are crime novels (the latter, without a murderer); "Pamiętnik..." in turn is a psychological drama inspired by Kafka. "Doskonała próżnia" and "Wielkość urojona" are, in turn, collections of reviews of non-existent books, and introductions to them. Similarly, "Prowokacja" purports to review a Holocaust-themed work.

Essays

His criticism of most science fiction surfaced in literary and philosophical essays Science Fiction and Futurology and interviews. In the 1990s Lem forswore science fiction and returned to futurological prognostications, most notably those expressed in Blink of an Eye (Okamgnienie). He became increasingly critical of modern technology in his later life, criticizing inventions such as the Internet.

Dialogi and Summa Technologiae (1964) are his two most famous philosophical texts. The Summa is notable for being a unique analysis of prospective social, cybernetic, and biological advances. In this work, Lem discusses philosophical implications of technologies that were completely in the realm of science fiction then, but are gaining importance todayâ€"for instance, virtual reality and nanotechnology.

Honors

• 1957 â€" City of Kraków's Prize in Literature (Nagroda Literacka miasta Krakowa)
• 1965 â€" Prize of the Minister of Culture and Art, 2nd Level (Nagroda Ministra Kultury i Sztuki II stopnia)
• 1972 â€" member of commission "Poland 2000" of the Polish Academy of Sciences
• 1973
  • Prize of the Minister of Foreign Affairs for popularization of Polish culture abroad (nagroda Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych za popularyzacjÄ™ polskiej kultury za granicÄ…)
  • Literary Prize of the Minister of Culture and Art (nagroda literacka Ministra Kultury i Sztuki) and honorary member of Science Fiction Writers of America
• 1976 â€" State Prize 1st Level in the area of literature (Nagroda PaÅ„stwowa I stopnia w dziedzinie literatury)
• 1979
  • Grand Prix de Littérature Policière for his novel Katar.
  • A minor planet, 3836 Lem, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979, is named after him.
• 1981 â€" Doctor honoris causa honorary degree from the WrocÅ‚aw University of Technology
• 1986 â€" Austrian State Prize for European Literature
• 1991 â€" Austrian literary Franz Kafka Prize
• 1994 â€" member of the Polish Academy of Learning
• 1996 â€" recipient of the Order of the White Eagle
• 1997 â€" honorary citizen of Kraków
• 1998 â€" Doctor honoris causa: University of Opole, Lviv University, Jagiellonian University
• 2003 â€" Doctor honoris causa of the University of Bielefeld
• 2007 â€" A street in Kraków is to be named in his honour.
• 2009 â€" A street in Wieliczka was named in his honour
• 2011 â€" An interactive Google logo inspired by The Cyberiad was created and published in his honor for the 60th anniversary of his first published book: The Astronauts.

Notes

Further reading

• Wojciech OrliÅ„ski, Co to sÄ… sepulki? Wszystko o Lemie (What are Sepulki? Everything about Lem), 2007, ISBN 8324007989.
• Peter Swirski, Stanislaw Lem Reader, Northwestern University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8101-1495-X description
• Peter Swirski, Between Literature and Science: Poe, Lem, and Explorations in Aesthetics, Cognitive Science, and Literary Knowledge, McGill-Queen's UP, 2000, ISBN 0-7735-2078-3
• Peter Swirski (ed), The Art and Science of Stanislaw Lem, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-7735-3047-9
• Peter Swirski From Literature to Biterature: Lem, Turing, Darwin, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.
• Peter Swirski Stanislaw Lem: Selected Letters to Michael Kandel, Liverpool University Press, 2014.
• Peter Swirski (ed), Lemography, Liverpool University Press, 2014.
• Peter Swirski Stanislaw Lem: Philosopher of the Future',' Liverpool University Press, 2015.
• "Acta Lemiana Monashiensis" ed. Lech Keller, „Acta Polonica Monashiensis", special edition dedicated to Lem, 2002, vol. 2, nr 2 Monash University 2003, 207 p., ISSN 1326-8562 review in Polish
• Lech Keller, Visions of the Future in the Writings of Stanislaw Lem (Volume 1, "Visions of the Future") Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010, 392 p., ISBN 978-3-8383-5900-7
• Lech Keller, Visions of the Future in the Writings of Stanislaw Lem (Volume 2, "Annotated and Cross-Referenced Primary and Secondary Bibliography of Stanislaw Lem") Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010, 696 p., ISBN 978-3-8383-6942-6
• Jameson, Fredric. "The Unknowability Thesis." In Archaeologies of the Future: This Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London and New York: Verso, 2005.
• Suvin, Darko. "Three World Paradigms for SF: Asimov, Yefremov, Lem." Pacific Quarterly (Moana): An International Review of Arts and Ideas 4.(1979): 271â€"283.

External links

• Official website â€" maintained by Lem's son and secretary
• StanisÅ‚aw Lem at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• StanisÅ‚aw Lem at the Internet Movie Database