Jorge Manrique

Jorge Manrique (c. 1440 â€" 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Verses on the death of Don Rodrigo Manrique, his Father), is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz, defended by the Marquis of Villena (a staunch enemy of Isabel), after Isabel gained the crown.

Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquis of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, corregidor of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great literary consequence.

§an id="The_Minor_Lyrics">The Minor Lyrics

Jorge Manrique wrote love lyrics in the courtly-love tradition and two satires. These called canciones (songs), esparsas (short poems, generally of a single stanza), preguntas y respuestas (questions and answers), and glosas de mote (literally, "interpretations of refrains"; see villancico). The first edition of the Cancionero general of Hernando del Castillo (1511) has the most complete selection of Manrique's poems, but some of the lyrics appear in other early editions and manuscripts.

§Coplas por la Muerte de su Padre

Coplas por la Muerte de su Padre (English: "Stanzas about the Death of his Father") is Jorge Manrique's best composition. In fact, Lope de Vega pronounced it in humbled admiration to its superior craftmanship,"worthy to be printed in letters of gold". It is a funeral eulogy dedicated to the memory of Rodrigo Manrique (his father), who died on 11 November 1476 in Ocaña. Jorge thought that his father led a life worth living. He makes a reference to three lives:

• the terrestrial life that ends in death
• the life of the fame, that lasts longer (Kleos of the Greek)
• the eternal life after death, that has no end.

Stanzas 1-24 talk about an excessive devotion to earthly life from a general point of view, but features some of the most memorable metaphors in the poem. Among other things, life is compared to a road filled with dangers and opportunities and to a river that ends in the sea:

I

  Recuerde el alma dormida              O let the soul her slumbers break,   avive el seso e despierte             Let thought be quickened, and awake;  contemplando                          Awake to see  cómo se pasa la vida,                 How soon this life is past and gone,  cómo se viene la muerte               And death comes softly stealing on,  tan callando;                         How silently!  cuán presto se va el placer,          Swiftly our pleasures glide away,  cómo, después de acordado,            Our hearts recall the distant day  da dolor;                             the pain  cómo, a nuestro parecer,              The moments that are speeding fast  cualquiere tiempo pasado              We heed not, but the past,â€"the past,  fue mejor.                            More highly prize.  

III

  Nuestras vidas son los ríos             Our lives are rivers, gliding free  que van a dar en la mar,                To that unfathomed, boundless sea,  que es el morir.                        The silent grave!  Allí van los señoríos                   Thither all earthly pomp and boast  derechos a se acabar                    Roll, to be swallowed up and lost  e consumir.                             In one dark wave.   allí los ríos caudales,                 Thither the mighty torrents stray,  allí los otros medianos                 Thither the brook pursues its way,  e más chicos,                           And tinkling rill,  allegados, son iguales                  There all are equal; side by side  los que viven por sus manos             The poor man and the son of pride  e los ricos.                            Lie calm and still.  

The section invokes general examples of human waywardness that one may encounter along the road leading to heaven or hell, but then gives some examples of infamous deaths drawn from contemporary Spanish history. These examples are introduced by the rhetorical questions called ubi sunt (Where are they?) in stanzas 15-24:

XVI

  ¿Qué se hizo el rey don Joan?           Where is the King, Don Juan?  Where  Los infantes d'Aragón                        Each royal prince and noble heir  ¿qué se hizieron?                            Of Aragon ?  ¿Qué fue de tanto galán,                     Where are the courtly gallantries?  qué de tanta invinción                       The deeds of love and high emprise,      como truxeron?                               In battle done?    ¿Que fueron sino devaneos,                   Tourney and joust, that charmed the eye,    qué fueron sino verduras                     And scarf, and gorgeous panoply,  de las eras,                                 And nodding plume,  las justas e los torneos,                    What were they but a pageant scene?  paramentos, bordaduras                       What but the garlands, gay and green,  e çimeras?                                   That deck the tomb?  

The last part of the poem is devoted to his father and talks about the life of fame and the possibility of continuing to live in the memories of the living, when one is great and has accomplished great deeds while living (stanzas 25-32). The poem ends with a small dramatic dialogue in which don Rodrigo confronts a personified Death, who deferentially takes his soul to Heaven (stanzas 33-39). A final stanza (40) gives consolation to the family.

The language Manrique uses is precise, exact, without decoration or difficult metaphors. It appears to focus on the content of what is said and not on how it is said. The poem has forty stanzas, each composed of twelve eight- and four-syllable lines that rhyme ABc ABc DEf DEf. Every third line is a quebrado (half line). The verse form is now known as the copla manriqueña (Manriquean stanza), because his poem was so widely read and glossed that he popularized the meter. Its alternation of long and short lines, and their punctuation, made the verses flexible enough to sound somber or light and quick.

Coplas por la muerte de su padre has been translated at least twice, once by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The translations of stanzas I, III, and XVI provided above are by Longfellow. However, the Longfellow translation has been criticized as not being faithful to the original. Longellow's translation is considerably more florid than the original. For example, the famous lines "Nuestras vidas son los ríos/ que van a dar en la mar,/ que es el morir," which reads in Longfellow as "Our lives are rivers, gliding free/ To that unfathomed, boundless sea,/ The silent grave!" literally translates as "Our lives are rivers/ That will lead to the sea/ Which is death."

§References

• Domínguez, Frank A. Love and Remembrance: The Poetry of Jorge Manrique. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1989.
• Domínguez, Frank A. "Jorge Manrique" in Castilian Writers, 1400-1500 Vol. 286. Detroit: Gale, c2004. (The article can be accessed as well in electronic format through the database Literature Resource Center at Gale in participating libraries.)
• Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique. Boston: Allen & Ticknor, 1833.
• Serrano de Haro, Antonio. Personalidad y destino de Jorge Manrique. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1966.
• Salinas, Pedro. Tradición y originalidad Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana 1947
• Brenan, Gerald, The Literature of the Spanish people, Cambridge, 1951.

§External links

• (Spanish) [1] Link to the Cortina edition (1979) of Jorge Manrique's collected works at Cervantes Virtual
• (Spanish) [2] Link to the gloss of Jorge de Montemayor at Cervantes Virtual