SÅ‚awomir Mrożek (29 June 1930 â€" 15 August 2013) was a Polish dramatist, writer and cartoonist. In 1963 Mrożek emigrated to Italy and France and then further to Mexico. In 1996 he returned to Poland and settled in Kraków. In 2008 he moved back to France. He died in Nice at the age of 83.
Mrożek joined the Polish United Workers' Party during the reign of Stalinism in the People's Republic of Poland, and made a living as political journalist. He began writing plays in the late 1950s. His theatrical works belong to the genre of absurdist fiction, intended to shock the audience with non-realistic elements, political and historic references, distortion, and parody.
Postwar period
Mrożek's family lived in Kraków during World War II. He finished high school in 1949 and in 1950 debuted as political hack-writer in the Przekrój. In 1952 he moved into the government-run Writer's House (ZLP headquarters with the restricted canteen). In 1953, during the Stalinist terror in postwar Poland, Mrożek was one of several signatories of an open letter from ZLP to Polish authorities supporting the persecution of Polish religious leaders imprisoned by the Ministry of Public Security. He participated in the defamation of Catholic priests from Kraków, three of whom were condemned to death by the Communist government in February 1953 after being groundlessly accused of treason (see the Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia). Their death sentences were not enforced although Father Józef Fudali died in unexplained circumstances while in prison. Mrożek wrote a full-page article for the leading newspaper in support of the verdict, entitled "Zbrodnia główna i inne" (The Major Crime and Others), comparing death-row priests to degenerate SS-men and Ku-Klux-Klan killers. He married Maria Obremba living in Katowice and relocated to Warsaw in 1959. In 1963 Mrożek travelled to Italy with his wife and decided to defect together. After five years in Italy, he moved to France and in 1978 received French citizenship.
After his defection Mrożek turned critical of the Polish communist regime. Later on, he also protested publicly against the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) from the safety of his residence in France. Long after the collapse of the Soviet empire he commented on his fascination with Communism in a following way.
"Being twenty years old, I was ready to accept any ideological proposition without looking a gift-horse in the mouth â€" as long as it was revolutionary. [...] I was lucky not to be born German say in 1913. I would have been a Hitlerite because the recruitment method was the same."
His first wife, Maria Obremba, died in 1969. In 1987 he married Susana Osorio-Mrozek, a Mexican woman. In 1996, he relocated back to Poland and settled in Kraków. In 2002 he had a stroke, resulting in aphasia, which took him several years to cure. In 2008 he left Poland again and moved to Nice in southern France. Sławomir Mrożek died in Nice on 15 August 2013. Not a religious person by any means, on 17 September 2013 he was buried at the St. Peter and Paul Church in Kraków. The funeral mass was conducted by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz.
Literary career
Mrożek's first play, Policja (The Police), was published in 1958. His first full-length play, Tango (1965) written about totalitarianism in the style of Theatre of the Absurd, made him one of the most recognizable Polish contemporary dramatists in the world wrote Krystyna Dąbrowska. It became also his most successful play, according to Britannica, produced in many Western countries. In 1975 his second popular play Emigranci (The Émigrés), a bitter and ironic portrait of two Polish emigrants in Paris, was produced by director Andrzej Wajda at the Teatr Stary in Kraków. Mrożek traveled to France, England, Italy, Yugoslavia and other European countries. After the military crackdown of 1981 Mrożek wrote the only play he ever regretted writing, called "Alfa", about the imprisoned Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa who became President of Poland after the collapse of the Soviet empire. See also "fałszywka". After the introduction of martial law in Poland, productions of Alfa were banned, along with two of Mrożek's other plays, Vatzlav and The Ambassador.
List of works
List of plays by Mrożek (below) is based on Małgorzata Sugiera's "Dramaturgia Sławomira Mrożka" (Dramatic works of Slawomir Mrozek):
- Professor / The professor
- Policja / The Police, "Dialog" 1958, nr 6
- Męczeństwo Piotra Ohey'a / The Martyrdom of Peter Ohey, "Dialog" 1959, nr 6
- Indyk / The Turkey, "Dialog" 1960, nr 10
- Na pełnym morzu / At Sea, "Dialog" 1961, nr 2
- Karol / Charlie, "Dialog" 1961, nr 3
- Strip-tease, "Dialog" 1961, nr 6
- Zabawa / The Party, "Dialog" 1962, nr 10
- Kynolog w rozterce / Dilemmas of a dog breeder, "Dialog" 1962, nr 11
- Czarowna noc / The magical night, "Dialog" 1963, nr 2
- Śmierć porucznika / The death of the lieutenant, "Dialog" 1963, nr 5
- Der Hirsch, trans. Ludwik Zimmerer (in:) STÃœCKE I, Berlin (West), 1965 (no Polish version)
- Tango, "Dialog" 1965, nr 11
- Racket baby, trans. Ludwik Zimmerer (in:) STÃœCKE I, Berlin (West), 1965 (no Polish version)
- Poczwórka / The quarter, "Dialog" 1967, nr 1
- Dom na granicy / The house on the border, "Dialog" 1967, nr 1
- Testarium, "Dialog" 1967, nr 11
- Drugie danie / The main course, "Dialog" 1968, nr 5
- Szczęśliwe wydarzenie / The fortunate event, "Kultura" 1971, nr 5
- Rzeźnia / The slaughterhouse, "Kultura" 1971, nr 5
- Emigranci / The Émigrés, "Dialog" 1974, nr 8
- Garbus / The Hunchback, "Dialog" 1975, nr 9
- Serenada / The Serenade, "Dialog" 1977, nr 2
- Lis filozof / The philosopher fox, "Dialog" 1977, nr 3
- Polowanie na lisa / Fox hunting, "Dialog" 1977, nr 5
- Krawiec / The Tailor (written in 1964) "Dialog" 1977, nr 11
- Lis aspirant / The trainee fox, "Dialog" 1978, nr 7
- Pieszo / On foot, "Dialog" 1980, nr 8
- Vatzlav (written in 1968), published by the Instytut Literacki / *Literary Institute in Paris
- Ambassador / The ambassador, Paryz 1982
- Letni dzień / A summer day, "Dialog" 1983, nr 6
- Alfa / Alpha, Paryz, 1984
- Kontrakt / The contract, "Dialog" 1986, nr 1
- Portret / The portrait, "Dialog" 1987, nr 9
- Wdowy / Widows (written in 1992)
- Milość na Krymie / Love in the Crimea, "Dialog" 1993, nr 12
- Wielebni / The reverends, "Dialog" 2000, nr 11
- Piękny widok / A beautiful sight, "Dialog" 2000, nr 5
English translations
- "Tango". New York: Grove Press, 1968.
- "The Ugrupu Bird" (Selected stories from: Wesele w Atomicach, Deszcz and an excerpt from Ucieczka na południe). London: Macdonald & Co., 1968.
- "Striptease", "Repeat Performance", and "The Prophets". New York: Grove Press, 1972.
- "Vatzlav". London: Cape, 1972.
- "The Elephant" (Słoń). Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972.
Notes
Further reading
- Alek Pohl (1972) Zurück zur Form. Strukturanalysen zu Slawomir Mrozek. Berlin: Henssel ISBN 3-87329-064-2
- Halina Stephan (1997) Transcending the Absurd: drama and prose of Slawomir Mrozek. (Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics; 28). Amsterdam: Rodopi ISBN 90-420-0113-5
External links
- SÅ‚awomir Mrozek at culture.pl
- Interview with Mrozek at the Wayback Machine (archived July 23, 2009)
- Extensive Mrozek bibliography
- On SÅ‚awomir Mrożek â€" Playwright's Tango
- Review: SÅ‚awomir Mrożek's "The Diary. Volume 1. 1962â€"1969"
