Catholic Action was the name of many groups of lay Catholics who were attempting to encourage a Catholic influence on society.
They were especially active in the nineteenth century in historically Catholic countries that fell under anti-clerical regimes such as Spain, Italy, Bavaria, France, and Belgium. Adolf Hitler attacked one of the heads of a Catholic Action group in Nazi Germany during the Night of the Long Knives. Catholic Action is not a political party, although in many times and places this distinction became blurred. Since World War II the concept has often been eclipsed by Christian Democrat parties that were organised to combat Communist parties in places such as Italy and West Germany.
Australia
A Catholic Action group was active in Australia, called "The Movement" and later the National Civic Council, under B.A. Santamaria. They were active in the Australian Labor Party, but were expelled by more left wing elements and went on to form the Democratic Labor Party.
Chile
In Chile Catholic Action was the name of a nationwide youth movement. Under the aegis of Saint Alberto Hurtado it was responsible for the founding of the Chilean Trade Union Association.
Italy
Azione Cattolica is probably the most active Catholic Action group still around today. Catholic Action was particularly well suited to Italy where Catholic party political action was impractical firstly under the Anti-Clerical Savoyard regime from 1870 until about 1910 and later under the Fascist regime which prohibited independent political parties.
The present association Azione Cattolica was founded in 1867 by Mario Fani and Giovanni Acquaderni with the name of Società della Gioventù Cattolica Italiana (Italian Catholic Youth Society), then reformed during the Mussolini regime when the association was structured into 4 sectors and was called Azione Cattolica.
Catholic Action in other countries
Catholic Action was organised in many other countries, including:
- Argentina (see Acción Católica Argentina)
- Brazil (see Alceu Amoroso Lima)
- Canada (see Catherine Doherty)
- Croatia (see Croatian Catholic movement)
- France (see La Croix)
- Malta (Azzjoni Kattolika Maltija)
- Mexico
- Ireland
- New Zealand http://www.nzcatholic.org.nz/2013/04/19/nz-bishops-tell-group-to-stop-using-catholic-in-its-name/
- Poland (See Aleksander Cardinal Kakowski)
- Philippines (see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila)
- South Korea
- Spain, where it gave rise to Cursillo
- United Kingdom
- United States (See Friendship House and Catholics for the Common Good)
See also
- Blessed Bartolome Blanco Marquez, Youth leader of Catholic Action and martyr of the Spanish Civil War
- Student Catholic Action
- Political catholicism
- Catholic social teaching
Notes and references
- ^ Tom Truman, Catholic Action and Politics (London: The Merlin Press, 1960).
- ^ James Franklin, "Catholic Thought and Catholic Action: Dr Paddy Ryan Msc.," Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society (1996) 17:44-55 online.
- ^ Ana Maria Bidegain, "From Catholic Action to Liberation Theology: The Historical Process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century" (paper #48 Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 1985)
- ^ Brian H. Smith, The Church and politics in Chile: challenges to modern Catholicism (Princeton University Press, 2014)
- ^ For example in the encyclical Custodi di quella fede [Leo XIII] asked Catholics to become more involved in forms of Catholic Action away from the "Masonic" state: "Masonry has confiscated the inheritance of public charity; fill the void, then, with the treasure of private relief." Para 18, Custodi di Quella Fede
- ^ David I. Kertzer, The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe (2014)
- ^ Gianfranco Poggi, Catholic Action in Italy (Stanford University Press, 1967)
- ^ Albert C. O'Brien, "Italian Youth in Conflict: Catholic Action and Fascist Italy, 1929-1931." Catholic Historical Review (1982): 625-635. in JSTOR
- ^ Scott Mainwaring, The Catholic church and politics in Brazil, 1916-1985 (Stanford University Press, 1986)
- ^ Mark Biondich, "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918â€"1945 1." Totalitarian movements and political religions 8.2 (2007): 383-399.
- IL FERMO PROPOSITO (On Catholic Action in Italy), Pius X, 1905
