Francis Parkman

Francis Parkman, Jr. (September 16, 1823 â€" November 8, 1893) was an American historian, best known as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life and his monumental seven-volume France and England in North America. These works are still valued as historical sources and as literature. He was also a leading horticulturist, briefly a Professor of Horticulture at Harvard University and author of several books on the topic.

Biography

Early life

Parkman was born in Boston, Massachusetts to the Reverend Francis Parkman Sr. (1788â€"1853), a member of a distinguished Boston family, and Caroline (Hall) Parkman. The senior Parkman was minister of the Unitarian New North Church in Boston from 1813 to 1849. As a young boy, "Frank" Parkman was found to be of poor health, and was sent to live with his maternal grandfather, who owned a 3,000-acre (12 km²) tract of wilderness in nearby Medford, Massachusetts, in the hopes that a more rustic lifestyle would make him more sturdy. In the four years he stayed there, Parkman developed his love of the forests, which would animate his historical research. Indeed, he would later summarize his books as "the history of the American forest." He learned how to sleep and hunt, and could survive in the wilderness like a true pioneer. He later even learned to ride bareback, a skill that would come in handy when he found himself living with the Sioux.

Education and career

Parkman enrolled at Harvard College at age 16. In his second year he conceived the plan that would become his life's work. In 1843, at the age of 20, he traveled to Europe for eight months in the fashion of the Grand Tour. Parkman made expeditions through the Alps and the Apennine mountains, climbed Vesuvius, and even lived for a time in Rome, where he befriended Passionist monks who tried, unsuccessfully, to convert him to Catholicism.

Upon graduation in 1844, he was persuaded to get a law degree, his father hoping such study would rid Parkman of his desire to write his history of the forests. It did no such thing, and after finishing law school Parkman proceeded to fulfill his great plan. His family was somewhat appalled at Parkman's choice of life work, since at the time writing histories of the American wilderness was considered ungentlemanly. Serious historians would study ancient history, or after the fashion of the time, the Spanish Empire. Parkman's works became so well-received that by the end of his lifetime histories of early America had become the fashion. Theodore Roosevelt dedicated his four-volume history of the frontier, The Winning of the West (1889â€"1896), to Parkman.

In 1846, Parkman travelled west on a hunting expedition, where he spent a number of weeks living with the Sioux tribe, at a time when they were struggling with some of the effects of contact with Europeans, such as epidemic disease and alcoholism. This experience led Parkman to write about American Indians with a much different tone from earlier, more sympathetic portrayals represented by the "noble savage" stereotype. Writing in the era of Manifest Destiny, Parkman believed that the conquest and displacement of American Indians represented progress, a triumph of "civilization" over "savagery", a common view at the time. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855.

Personal life

A scion of a wealthy Boston family, Parkman had enough money to pursue his research without having to worry too much about finances. His financial stability was enhanced by his modest lifestyle, and later, by the royalties from his book sales. He was thus able to commit much of his time to research, as well as to travel. He travelled across North America, visiting most of the historical locations he wrote about, and made frequent trips to Europe seeking original documents with which to further his research.

Parkman's accomplishments are all the more impressive in light of the fact that he suffered from a debilitating neurological illness, which plagued him his entire life, and which was never properly diagnosed. He was often unable to walk, and for long periods he was effectively blind, being unable to see but the slightest amount of light. Much of his research involved having people read documents to him, and much of his writing was written in the dark, or dictated to others.

Parkman married Catherine Scollay Bigelow on May 13, 1850; they had three children. A son died in childhood, and shortly afterwards, his wife died. He successfully raised two daughters, introducing them into Boston society and seeing them both wed, with families of their own. Parkman died at age 70 in Jamaica Plain. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Parkman also is known for being one of the founders, in 1879, and first President of Boston's St.Botolph Club, a social Club which focuses on Arts and Literature.

Legacy

Parkman is one of the most notable nationalist historians. His work has been praised by historians who have published essays in new editions of his work by such Pulitzer Prize winners as C. Vann Woodward, Allan Nevins, and Samuel Eliot Morison as well as by other notable historians including Wilbur R. Jacobs, John Keegan, William Taylor, Mark Van Doren, and David Levin. Famous artists such as Thomas Hart Benton and Frederic Remington have illustrated Parkman's books. Numerous translations have been published worldwide.

Parkman's work regarding nationality, race, and especially Native Americans have generated criticism. As C. Vann Woodward wrote in 1984:

Too often Parkman could ignore evidence that was not in accord with his views, permit his bias to control his judgment, or sketch characterizations that are little better than hostile caricatures.... Modern sensibilities will be nettled by his casual stereotypes of national character and by the sharp distinction he draws between "civilization" and "savagery." Even more difficult to take is his portrayal (not always consistent or invariably negative) of the Indian as a beast of the forest, "man, wolf, and devil, all in one," and as a race inevitably and rightly doomed.

The English-born and Sorbonne-educated Canadian historian W. J. Eccles harshly criticized what he perceived as Parkman's bias against France and Roman Catholic policies, as well as what he considered Parkman's misuse of French language sources. Noted Eccles, "Francis Parkman's epic work La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (Boston, 1869) is doubtless a great literary work, but, as history, it is, to say the least of dubious merit." However, Parkman's most severe detractor was the American historian Francis Jennings, who went so far as to characterize Parkman's work as "fiction" and Parkman himself as a "liar". However, other Canadian contemporaries laud Parkman's work as "a veritable mine of brilliantly comprehensive history of early Canadian events and personages."

Unlike Jennings and Eccles, many modern historians have found much to praise in Parkman's work, even while recognizing his limitations. Calling Jennings' critique "vitriolic and unfair," the historian Robert S. Allen has said that Parkman's history of France and England in North America "remains a rich mixture of history and literature which few contemporary scholars can hope to emulate". The historian Michael N. McConnell, while acknowledging the historical errors and racial prejudice in Parkman's book The Conspiracy of Pontiac, has said:

...it would be easy to dismiss Pontiac as a curiousâ€"perhaps embarrassingâ€"artifact of another time and place. Yet Parkman's work represents a pioneering effort; in several ways he anticipated the kind of frontier history now taken for granted.... Parkman's masterful and evocative use of language remains his most enduring and instructive legacy.

The American writer and literary critic Edmund Wilson, in his book O Canada, described Parkman's France and England in North America in these terms: “The clarity, the momentum and the color of the first volumes of Parkman’s narrative are among the most brilliant achievements of the writing of history as an art."

The Francis Parkman School in Forest Hills bears his name, as does Parkman Drive and the granite Francis Parkman Memorial at the site of his last home in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (now a neighborhood of Boston). On September 16, 1967, the United States Postal Service honored Parkman with a Prominent Americans series 3¢ postage stamp with the wording, "FRANCIS PARKMAN AMERICAN HISTORIAN U.S. POSTAGE".

Gallery

Selected works

• The Oregon Trail (1847)
• The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851)
• Vassall Morton (1856), a novel
• The Book of Roses (1866)
• France and England in North America (1865â€"1892):
  • The Pioneers of France in the New World (1865)
  • The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century (1867)
  • La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1869)
  • The Old Régime in Canada (1874)
  • Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV (1877)
  • Montcalm and Wolfe (1884)
  • A Half Century of Conflict (1892)
• The Journals of Francis Parkman. Two Volumes. Edited by Mason Wade. New York: Harper, 1947.
• The Letters of Francis Parkman. Two Volumes. Edited by Wilbur R. Jacobs. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1960.
• The Battle for North America. A single-volume abridgement of France and England in North America, edited by John Tebbel. Doubleday 1948.

Articles

• "The Ancien Régime in Canada, 1663â€"1763," The North American Review, Vol. CXVIII, No. 243, April 1874.
• "The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America," The North American Review, Vol. CXX, No. 246, January 1875.
• "Cavelier de la Salle," The North American Review, Vol. CXXV, No. 259, November 1877.
• "The Failure of Universal Suffrage," The North American Review, Volume 127, Issue 263, July â€" August 1878.
• “The Woman Question,” The North American Review, Volume 129, Issue 275, October 1879.
• “The Woman Question Again,” The North American Review, Volume 130, Issue 278, January 1880.
• “Some of the Reasons Against Woman Suffrage.” In Albert Benedict Wolfe, ed., Readings in Social Problems, Ginn and Company, 1916.

See also

• The Knickerbocker
• George Parkman â€" uncle.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Cappel, Constance (2007). The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.
• Doughty, Howard (1962). Francis Parkman. New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Levin, David, ed. Parkman: France and England in North America, vol. 1 (Library of America, 1983) ISBN 978-0-940450-10-3
• Levin, David, ed. Parkman: France and England in North America, vol. 2 (Library of America, 1983) ISBN 978-0-940450-11-0
• Farnham, Charles Haight (1900). A Life of Francis Parkman. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
• Farnham, Charles Haight (1901). "Parkman at Lake George," Scribner's 30 (1), pp. 22â€"30.
• Gale, Robert L. (1973). Francis Parkman. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.
• Wish, Harvey (1960). "Francis Parkman and the Pageant of Wilderness." In: The American Historian: A Social-intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 88â€"108.
• Additional Online Books Regarding Parkman

Further reading

• Bourne, Edward Gaylord (1901). "Francis Parkman." In: Essays in Historical Criticism. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 277â€"287.
• Doyle, John Andrew (1911). "The Historical Writings of Francis Parkman." In: Essays on Various Subjects. London: John Murray, pp. 54â€"118.
• Stewart, George (1899). "Francis Parkman and his Works," The Canadian Magazine 13, pp. 362â€"368.
• Tonsor, Stephen (1983). "The Conservative as Historian: Francis Parkman," Modern Age, 25, pp. 246â€"255.
• Underwood, F. H. (1888). "Francis Parkman," The Contemporary Review 53, pp. 642â€"660.

External links

• Works by Francis Parkman at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Francis Parkman at Internet Archive
• Works by Francis Parkman at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• The Oregon Trail hypertext with illustrations by Frederick Remington, N.C.Wyeth, and Thomas Hart Benton from American Studies at the University of Virginia
• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Francis Parkman Memorial â€" Jamaica Plain Historical Society
• Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion